Transfer RNA – It is essential for the translation of mRNA in protein synthesis. nucleic acid: [noun] any of various complex organic acids (such as DNA or RNA) that are composed of nucleotide chains. nucleotide units in nucleic acids is a phosphodiester, which connects the 5’-hydroxyl group of one nucleotide to the 3’-hydroxyl group of the next nucleotide. Transcription is the first step in gene expression. In this process formation of a polypeptide by using mRNA as a template. Nucleic acids, macromolecules made out of units called nucleotides, come in two naturally occurring varieties: deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) and ribonucleic acid ( RNA ). Showing page 1. Nucleic acid. Nucleic acids RNA (left) and DNA (right). Nucleic acids are the biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life. The term nucleic acid is the overall name for DNA and RNA. In 1889, Richard Altmann investigated the chemical properties of nuclein. Linguee. Some RNA molecules such as the rRNAs and the snRNAs (described in the section Types of RNA) become part of complicated ribonucleoprotein structures with specialized roles in the cell. The NATA programme works in partnership with international industry and academic organisations and is being delivered by MRC, part of UKRI. It contains an amino acid attachment site on one end and a special section in the middle loop called the anticodon site. What DNA bases are involved in translation? With numerous recent advances, the field of therapeutic nucleic acid nanotechnology is now poised for clinical translation supported by several examples of FDA-approved nucleic acid nanoformulations including two recent mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines. He found it behaved as an acid, so the material was renamed nucleic acid. Open menu. (c) Although RNA chaperones and RNA annealers do not share common motifs, they harbor domains or surfaces with many basic amino acids [ 48 , 50 , 52 – 56 ]. … Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. DNA is the genetic material found in living organisms, all the way from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals like you and me. Nucleic Acids • Nucleic acids are molecules that store information for cellular growth and reproduction • There are two types of nucleic acids: - deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) • These are polymers consisting of long chains of monomers called nucleotides • A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar The genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it … Protein synthesis consists of at least two stages. Further, the disclosure provides methods for more efficient production of antigens via mRNA containing one or more non-conventional start codons to promote multiplex initiation of translation in eukaryotic cells. Check All frames to see protein sequences for all frames, not just the longest one. In nucleic acids, any of the bases thymine, cytosine, and uracil, which have a single-ring structure. Nucleic acids, which include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), are made from monomers known as nucleotides. nucleic acid, naturally occurring chemical compound that is capable of being broken down to yield phosphoric acid, sugars, and a mixture of organic bases (purines and pyrimidines).Nucleic acids are the main information-carrying molecules of the cell, and, by directing the process of protein synthesis, they determine the inherited characteristics of every living thing. Protein translation. 33: 605-610 (2005). ; The tool accepts both DNA and RNA sequences. A nucleic acid test or NAT is a burgeoning technique used in medical science as well as other fields of molecular biology and research, to detect strains of unknown bacteria, viruses and other microbes. NUCLEIC ACIDS Are the largest and the most complex organic molecules. 2. Look through examples of nucleic acid translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar. Translates DNA or mRNA to the other and a Protein strand (amino acids). 2019 Dec;14(12):1084-1087. doi: 10.1038/s41565-019-0591-y. 2008 Anderson BA et al. Translate is a tool which allows the translation of a nucleotide (DNA/RNA) sequence to a protein sequence. RNA self-splicing by engineered hairpin ribozyme variants. A consensus sequence derived from all the … Unit 7, Lesson 1 Nucleic Acids and Proteins 2 Set the Stae XXX Set the Stage Although one missing amino acid in a polypeptide or the wrong nucleotide in a nucleic acid sequence are small differences, they can have serious consequences for an organism. Translation involves the conversion of a four base code (ATCG) into twenty different amino acids. The entire process is called gene expression . Transcription and Translation Tool (Attotron Biosensor Corporation) DNA to protein translation(University of the Basque Country, Spain) and here. Due to their higher binding strength, it is not necessary to design long PNA oligomers for use in these roles, which usually require … Translator. Translation is a process where genetic information is translated from a ``nucleic acid language" to an "amino acid language". AU - Li,Min, AU - Yin,Fangfei, AU - Song,Lu, AU - Mao,Xiuhai, AU - Li,Fan, AU - Fan,Chunhai, AU - Zuo,Xiaolei, AU - Xia,Qiang, Y1 - 2021/07/13/ PY - 2021/7/14/pubmed PY - 2021/7/14/medline PY - 2021/7/13/entrez SP - 10469 EP - 10558 JF - Chemical reviews JO - Chem Rev VL - 121 IS - 17 N2 - Nucleic acids, … Enter or paste a DNA/RNA sequence in any supported format: A nucleic acid is a long-chain polymer made of monomeric units called nucleotides. Ans. MIDORI Green Advance is a safe alternative to the traditional nucleic acid stain ethidium bromide. Transfer RNA is shaped like a clover leaf with three loops. With noun/verb tables for the different cases and tenses links to audio pronunciation and relevant forum discussions free vocabulary trainer Learn about the structure, types, and functions of RNA. There is a long list of genetic conditions caused by nucleic acid mutations, including: various types of cancer (including breast and ovarian cancer) cystic fibrosis; sickle cell anemia; color blindness The cell uses RNA for a number of different tasks, one of which is called messenger RNA, or mRNA. Translate(ExPASy, Switzerland) - is a tool which allows the translation of a nucleotide (DNA/RNA) sequence to a protein sequence. 2021 Web Server issue. Origin of translation of the 4 nucleic acid bases and the 20 amino acids, and the universal assignment of codons to amino acids The cell converts the information carried in an mRNA molecule into a protein molecule. Nucleic acids are polynucleotides—that is, long chainlike molecules composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides. DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. Nucleic Acids Res. Drugs related to nucleic acid building blocks - Examples: Antiviral agents (2 slides) - Examples [7 slides] ©1 4. Nucleic Acids Test. Elucidating the roles that protein–nucleic acid complexes play in the regulation of transcription, translation, DNA replication, repair and recombination, RNA processing and translocation continues to revolutionize our understanding of cell biology, normal cell development and the mechanisms of disease. EMBOSS Transeq translates nucleic acid sequences to their corresponding peptide sequences. 3. translate in any of the 3 forward or threereverse sense frames. Basically, nucleic acids can be subdivided into two types: deoxy-ribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Drugs Acting On rRNA - Antibiotics 5. • NUCLIEC ACIDS are macromolecules, found in all cells, which precipitate in the storage, transmission and translation of genetic information. See authoritative translations of Nucleic acid in Spanish with example sentences and audio pronunciations. The nucleic acid chain therefore has directionality. RNA consists of ribose nucleotides and the nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil. TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACID • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) • Ribonucleic acid (RNA) 5. Here, we test the hypothesis that antisense peptide nucleic acid (PNA) and locked nucleic acid (LNA) oligomers can … 4. Let’s learn more in detail about the genetic code. Open menu. Currently, diagnostic assays for nucleic acids must be individually developed and optimized for each new sequence because inputs for one assay are sequence-specific and are therefore incompatible with any other assay designed for the detection of a different nucleic acid. Translate Nucleic acid. The conversion of codon information into proteins is conducted by transfer RNA. In nucleic acid dehydration synthesis, nitrogenous bases are joined together and a water molecule is lost in the process. In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus. Therefore, nucleic acid tests (NATs) are extremely important. Occurs at a ribosome in the cytoplasm or the rough E.R. In order for this modified nucleic acid translation system to enable the in vitro selection of functionalized polymers, the polymer must be either linked to its encoding template in a manner that does not impede polymer folding, 11b or must be amenable to primer extension to regenerate the template as canonical DNA (conceptually analogous to reverse translation). The Nucleic Acid Therapy Accelerator (NATA) is a £30 million investment awarded by the UK’s Strategic Priorities Fund to support and accelerate the development of NAT. By convention, nucleic acid sequences are written from left to right, from the 5’-end to the 3’-end. • Located in nuclei of cell • Hereditary determinants of living organisms • Elemental composition – carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. In contrast, nucleic acid therapeutics can achieve long-lasting or even curative effects via gene inhibition, addition, replacement or … They are composed of nucleotides, which are the monomers made of three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). so the tiny tRNA links the languages of nucleic acids and proteins - translation begins when a particular "initiator" tRNA binds to an mRNA molecule and a small ribosomal subunit - downstream on the mRNA is the "start" codon (AUG) which is recognized by the tRNA anticodon (UAC) which carries the amino acid methionine It is found in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the chloroplasts and mitochondria. For most purposes, a polypeptide is basically just a protein (with the technical difference being that some large proteins are made up of several polypeptide chains). Transcription &translation 1. 22.1 Types of Nucleic Acids NUCLEIC ACIDS AS DRUG TARGETS. Translation for 'nucleic acid' in the free English-Swedish dictionary and many other Swedish translations. Robert Hieronymus, Jikang Zhu, Sabine Müller. These results suggest that the PCS will release complexed nucleic acids in endosomes following acid hydrolysis, which should allow for efficient transcription and translation. Translator. Une membrane nucléaire se forme autour des deux pronuclei. DEFINITION :- Transcription is synthesis of single stranded RNA from a double stranded DNA template. citrullination), or making structural changes (e.g. Nucleic acid refers to both DNA and RNA. MIDORI Green Advance can utilize with UV light or with our innovative Blue/Green LED technology. This flow of information is unidirectional and irreversible. Translation involves “decoding” a messenger RNA (mRNA) and using its information to build a polypeptide, or chain of amino acids. It was isolated from the nuclei of white blood cells. The high molecular weight nucleic acid, DNA, is found chiefly in the nuclei of complex cells, known as eucaryotic cells, or in the nucleoid regions of procaryotic cells, such as bacteria. Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA. This universally accepted notation uses the Roman characters G, C, A, and T, to represent the four nucleotides commonly found in deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA).. A codon or triplet of bases specifies a given amino acid. Molecules involved in translation. Translation is a process where genetic information is translated from a ``nucleic acid language" to an "amino acid language". Translation is catalyzed by a large enzyme called a ribosome , which contains proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Translation also involves specific RNA molecules called transfer RNA... The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Nucleic Acid Function: Replication, Transcription & Translation Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids : ATP, RNA & DNA Epigenetics: Why Identical Twins Are Not Really Identical A nucleotide, in turn, consists of three primary components. The tetranucleotide in Figure 8a has the sequence 5'-GCAT-3' and the tetranucleotide in Figure 8b has the sequence 5'-TACG-3'. Deoxyribonucleic acid (/ d iː ˈ ɒ k s ɪ ˌ r aɪ b oʊ nj uː ˌ k l iː ɪ k,-ˌ k l eɪ-/ (); DNA) is a molecule composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses.DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids. The process of reading the codons on the mRNA to link amino acids together to form a protein with the help of the ribosome and the tRNA. Transcription is performed by enzymes called RNA polymerases, which link nucleotides to form an RNA strand (using a DNA strand as a template). Translation is the 1st stage of protein biosynthesis from RNA. (b) The dissociation constants measured for RNA chaperones and the nucleic acid substrates used are mostly in the low micromolar range, and thus outside the range of specific interactions . Cambridge Dictionary +Plus Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is an artificially synthesized polymer similar to DNA or RNA.. The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Part 3: Section 7.3 (Drugs acting on RNA) 4. Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group. The NATA programme works in partnership with international industry and academic organisations and is being delivered by MRC, part of UKRI. Nucleotide Sequence … It is often associated with proteins that help to pack it in a usable fashion. 2021 Web Server issue. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, GOC:vw] is_a: GO:0003676 ! Suggest as a translation of "nucleic acid" Copy; DeepL Translator Linguee. Most amino acids are specified by more than one codon. T It is the sequence of base pairs of amino acids that code for protein to be synthesized. Nucleic acids, including deoxynucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), store genetic information for living organisms. Both DNA and RNA have been shown to consist of three groups of molecules: pentose (5-carbon-atom) sugars; organic bases; and inorganic phosphate. NAATs detect genetic material (nucleic acids). However, it still remains unclear how the contemporary translation apparatus evolved from primitive prebiotic systems and at which stage of evolution peptide synthesis emerged. Found 9074 sentences matching phrase "nucleic acid".Found in 103 ms. The nucleic acid notation currently in use was first formalized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in 1970. Translation of nucleic acid – English–Traditional Chinese dictionary nucleic acid noun [ C or U ] chemistry, biology specialized uk / njuːˌkleɪ.ɪk ˈæs.ɪd / us / nuːˌkleɪ.ɪk ˈæs.ɪd / a type of acid … Nucleic Acid Res. In this test, a particular sequence of nucleic acids is … This issue includes 89 articles covering web servers that support research activities in a wide range of areas, ranging from software aimed at the wet lab through … These sequences are joined together to form a protein. Interestingly, some nucleotides perform important cellular functions as "individual" molecules, the most common example being adenosine triphosphate or ATP , which provides energy for many cell functions. The Onpattro story and the clinical translation of nanomedicines containing nucleic acid-based drugs Nat Nanotechnol. The first step in any nucleic acid purification reaction is releasing the DNA/RNA into solution. It is a non-carcinogenic and less mutagenic dye for detecting dsDNA, ssDNA and RNA in agarose gels with a very high sensitivity. Translation of multiple sequences: You searched for: Journal Nucleic acids research Remove constraint Journal: Nucleic acids research Publication year rev 7994-2006 Remove constraint Publication year rev: 7994-2006 Publication Year 2006 Remove constraint Publication Year: 2006 Subject data collection Remove constraint Subject: data collection DLS was used to determine the sizes of the PCS/nucleic acid complexes ( Figure S6 ). Translate texts with the world's best machine translation technology, developed by the creators of Linguee. Transfer RNA is the third main type of RNA and one of the smallest, usually only 70–90 nucleotides long. This explanation is the simplest way in which the … This issue includes 89 articles covering web servers that support research activities in a wide range of areas, ranging from software aimed at the wet lab through … Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or large biomolecules, essential for all known forms of life. Translation Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. A nucleic acid is a polymer of smaller molecules called nucleotides. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in … EN. During translation, the ribosome reads three bases (a codon) at a time from the RNA and translates them into one amino acid. It involves copying a gene's DNA sequence to make an RNA molecule. 22.1 Types of Nucleic Acids The nucleic acids are very large molecules that have two main parts. Look up words and phrases in comprehensive, reliable bilingual dictionaries and search through billions of online translations. Nucleic acids are large organic molecules made of building blocks called nucleotides. The process in which genetic data is translated into amino acid language from nucleic acid language is known as translation. Its produces messenger RNA ( mRNA). Mutations of Nucleic Acids. Nucleic acids are macromolecules that store genetic information and enable protein production. STEP 1 - Enter your input sequence. Macromolecules: Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acid, Excerpt 1 > Download from iTunes U (MP4 - 76.9MB) > Download from Internet Archive (MP4 - 76.9MB) > Download English-US transcript (PDF) > Download English-US caption (SRT) Be warned. Part 3: Section 7.3 (Drugs acting on RNA) ©1 Contents. Translation: mRNA to protein During translation, mRNA is converted to protein. Back-translation is used to predict the possible nucleic acid sequence that a specified peptide sequence has originated from. The production and regulation of these biological macromolecules are essential for survival and replication of organisms. the process where the information carried in mRNA molecules is used to create proteins. Translation refers to the process of creating proteins from an mRNA template. The wrong nucleotide in DNA or RNA can result in the wrong codon being Friedrich Miescher who discovered nucleic acids in 1871 2. Therefore, enzymes involved in these processes are attractive therapeutic targets for a variety of diseases. Sugars There are only two types of sugar present in nucleic acids, ribose which Level of Translation Unmodified mRNA Pseudouridine mRNA Less immune activation=greater and longer translation Kariko, K et al. Translation: the RNA sequence is translated into a sequence of amino acids as the protein is formed. Types of Nucleic Acids. Both nucleic acids—DNA and RNA—are polymers composed of monomers known as nucleotides, which in turn consist of phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4), a nitrogenous base, and a pentose sugar. Transcription and Translation of Nucleic Acids: Help and Review Chapter Exam Instructions. Translation. Deoxyribonucleic acid (/ d iː ˈ ɒ k s ɪ ˌ r aɪ b oʊ nj uː ˌ k l iː ɪ k,-ˌ k l eɪ-/ (); DNA) is a molecule composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses.DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids. Nucleic acids, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), are natural biopolymers composed of nucleotides that store, transmit, and express genetic information. Sequence Translation is used to translate nucleic acid sequence to corresponding peptide sequences. During translation, the ribosome reads three bases (a codon) at a time from the RNA and translates them into one amino acid. And that is the nucleic acid information molecule that transfers information from the genome into proteins by translation. They come from many sources and are not checked. 3. Look up words and phrases in comprehensive, reliable bilingual dictionaries and search through billions of online translations. Each nucleotide has three main parts: a pentose sugar called ribose one or more phosphate groups one of five cyclic nitrogenous bases Phosphate-Sugar Backbone It carries the correct amino acid to the site of protein synthesis in the ribosome. It is the base pairing between the tRNA and mRNA that allows for the correct amino acid to be inserted in the polypeptide chain being synthesized (Figure 4). Functions of Nucleic Acids. The present disclosure relates to nucleic acid vaccine compositions and methods for preventing or treating pathological conditions, such as cancer or infectious disease. Genetic Code. Reverse Translate: Reverse Translate accepts a protein sequence as input and uses a codon usage table to generate a DNA sequence representing the most likely non-degenerate coding sequence. Nucleic acid Translation On Other Language: Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or large biomolecules, essential for all known forms of life. Nucleic acids, which include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), are made from monomers known as nucleotides. Each mRNA corresponds to a specific amino acid sequence and forms the resultant protein. RNA, a Different Nucleic Acid. If the sugar is ribose, the polymer is … Notes: Numbers, spaces and line ends are ignored. IPknot - IP-based prediction of RNA pseudoKNOTs - rovides services for predicting RNA secondary structures including a wide class of pseudoknots. Check Nucleotide sequence to see the cleaned up sequence used in translation. Amino acid sequence: (case insensitive, all symbols, except standard symbols of amino acids and stop-codons ("*", "***" and "end") are disregarded. The backbone of a … Others such as tRNAs play key … This structure is known as the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) and is necessary for translation and viral replication. The genetic code comprises the complete information of the protein manufactured from RNA. For real world proteins the correct frame most often produces the longest peptide sequence but this may not … nucleic acid amplification technique translation in English - French Reverso dictionary, see also 'nuclear',nucleus',nuclear scientist',nuclear-free', examples, definition, conjugation 2011 Nov. mRNA synthesized in vitro using alternative nucleosides (pseudouridine, 5-methylcytidine or 1-methylpseudouridine) Uridine Pseudouridine A Nucleic Acid Amplification Test, or NAAT, is a type of viral diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Linguee. nucleotide units in nucleic acids is a phosphodiester, which connects the 5’-hydroxyl group of one nucleotide to the 3’-hydroxyl group of the next nucleotide. Learn more in the Cambridge English-Chinese simplified Dictionary. These molecules are composed of long strands of nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogen-containing aromatic base attached to a pentose (five-carbon) sugar, which is in turn attached to a phosphate group. Check 'nucleic acid' translations into Tagalog. These nucleic acids are of two types: (i) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and (ii) ribonucleic acid (RNA). There are two Types of Nucleic Acids: DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid: Found within cell nucleus for storing and transfering of genetic information that are passed from one cell to other during cell division RNA: Ribonucleic Acid: Occurs in all parts of cell serving the primary function is to synthesize the proteins needed for cell functions. Messenger RNA – It is the RNA transcript that is produced during DNA transcription. Nucleic acids are biopolymers, macromolecules, essential to all known forms of life. Nucleic acid instructed peptide synthesis is one of the fundamental features of the central dogma of molecular biology of life. DNA is the major store of genetic information. The sequence of nucleotides on the RNA is translated into the amino acid sequence of proteins and this reaction is carried out by ribosomes. Therapeutics comprising nucleic acids encoding gene-editing proteins are also described. We integrated these capabilities to perform iterated cycles of in vitro translation, selection, and template regeneration on libraries of modified nucleic acid polymers. These are a phosphate group, a sugar molecule bonded to the phosphate group and a cyclic nitrogenous base. The Nucleic Acid Therapy Accelerator (NATA) is a £30 million investment awarded by the UK’s Strategic Priorities Fund to support and accelerate the development of NAT. KineFold Web Server - RNA/DNA folding predictions including pseudoknots and entangled helices (Reference: A. Xayaphoummine et al. nucleic acid binding Overexpressed or underexpressed as well as mutated nucleic acids have been implicated in many diseases. Nucleic acids were discovered in 1868, by Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher. nucleic acid - nucleic acid - RNA metabolism: RNA provides the link between the genetic information encoded in DNA and the actual workings of the cell. RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a nucleic acid that is similar in structure to DNA but different in subtle ways. RNA, complex compound of high molecular weight that functions in cellular protein synthesis and replaces DNA as a carrier of genetic codes in some viruses. Choose your answers to the questions and click 'Next' to see the next set of questions. The fact that the inhibitors of nucleic acid and protein synthesis themselves served as useful tools to obtain an insight into the mechanisms of replication, transcription and translation was one of the most exciting discoveries in this field. Translation is the process of converting nucleic acid information into amino acids. DNA is the genetic material found in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. Given the rapidly expanding role for genetic sequencing, synthesis, and analysis … Two codons, called start and stop codons, signal the beginning and end of translation. Nucleic acid testing (NAT), with high sensitivity and specificity, is considered the “gold standard” for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Elucidating the roles that protein–nucleic acid complexes play in the regulation of transcription, translation, DNA replication, repair and recombination, RNA processing and translocation continues to revolutionize our understanding of cell biology, normal cell development and the mechanisms of disease. Modified nucleic acids, also called xeno nucleic acids (XNAs), offer a variety of advantages for biotechnological applications and address some of the limitations of first-generation nucleic acid therapeutics. The genetic code is identical in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and the process of translation is very similar, underscoring its vital importance to the life of the cell.
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